how were the paleo and the archaic peoples different

A point type commonly associated with the Red Ocher burial style is called a turkey-tail point, because the base end resembles the tail of a turkey. These sites include evidence that Paleo-Indian people cut up large animals, including mastodons, for food. Their shelters were constructed from wood covered with mud, clay, and grass. Their summer villages were on the uplands above the river. Archaic peoples used a wide variety of food resources and based many of their choices on seasonal availability; food remains found at their archaeological sites include a range of mammals (including rabbits, antelope, deer, elk, moose, and bison), terrestrial and water birds, fish and shellfish, and plant foods such as tubers, roots, seeds, fruits, and nuts. to about 600 A.D., the People of the Plains Woodland cultures lived in North Dakota. Dunbar argues that it was not possible for hominins to live in such large groups without using language, otherwise there could be no group cohesion and the group would disintegrate. They also developed techniques for dealing with 1 0 obj Mounds are usually conical and singular while earthworks are combinations of mounds and walls organized into geometric shapes and make up large complexes covering acres of land. 58 0 obj WebDesert Archaic people lived in small nomadic bands and followed a seasonal round. The climate became warmer and drier, and mixed conifer-hardwoods and plants of prairie-forest border replaced the boreal forests. [15], The prominent Canadian archaeologist J. V. Wright argued in 1976 that the Shield Archaic had emerged from the Northern Plano tradition, but this was questioned by Bryan C. Gordon in a 1996 publication. Where there was more precipitation, the food supply included elk, deer, acorns, fish, and birds. [17] Pushplanes have been found, which would have been used for planing wood, bone, or antler. The southern people hunted, fished, and gathered plants, especially seeds. The archaeological system for organizing the present knowledge of ancient Peoples helps us to understand how different cultures came to be and how they changed and adapted to new conditions over time. Bountiful garden harvests helped the Hopewell survive the winter and lessened the need to move to different camps. Though the practices of the Scioto Hopewell culture period ended, the same people continued to occupy the area. Adena habitations sites were larger than Archaic sites and were semi-permanent, meaning the Adena stayed in one place for longer periods of time than the Archaic peoples. More than a dozen of the largest earthworks and mound centers are located in Ross County, Ohio. The Plains Village culture appears to have evolved directly from earlier Woodland cultures. In Hopewell society, however, little evidence of a ruling class has been found. The last Woodland period, called the Late Woodland Tradition, is marked in Wisconsin by the appearance of effigy mounds and the development of the bow and arrow. Based on his analysis of the relationship between brain size and hominin group size, he concluded that because archaic humans had large brains, they must have lived in groups of over 120 individuals. Paleo-Indian people are thought to have came to Wisconsin from the west and south about 12,000 years ago, as glaciers melted and tundra (scrubby plants and grasses dwarfed by long winters and permafrost) emerged in the cold climate. Webdifferences between Paleoindian and Terminal Archaic lithic technologies. <> endobj The following is a brief discussion on Wisconsin archaeology, generally representing the views of archaeologists and anthropologists. After 1200 A.D., there was a distinct division in Plains cultures. An archeologists goal is to learn about how people lived in the past by examining the material culture that past peoples left behind. Because of this, they left little impact upon the landscape. Paleo-Europeans refer to the paleolithic Europeans as well as to the ancient pre-Indo-European-speaking people (or rather before the migration of I The Archaic stage is characterized by subsistence economies supported through the exploitation of nuts, seeds, and shellfish. A large variety of chipped-flint projectiles, knives, scrapers, perforators, drills, and adzes appear. We learn more about Ohios prehistoric past through the work of archeologists. Archaic humans had a brain size averaging 1,200 to 1,400 cubic centimeters, which overlaps with the range of modern humans. Some sites contain no burial mounds, for instance, Hopeton in the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park or the Newark Earthworks located in Newark, Ohio. Hunting methods had not changed much since the Archaic period. Native American tribes in Illinois were all. 11000-9000 B.C. The forest-edge tundra moved northward as glaciers melted further, allowing conifer forests to grow in the northern part of Wisconsin and more deciduous trees to grow in the south. Fishhooks, gorges, and net sinkers were also important, and in some areas fish weirs (underwater pens or corrals), were built. The climate 10,000 years ago was much different. The Woodland Period in Ohio is defined by people settling into communities, the beginning of agriculture, and the building of massive mounds and earthworks. Most stone artifacts were used in processing game and dressing hides, and include end scrapers, small flake knives, abraders, choppers, rubbing stones, and gravers. Why is this important? uuid:9f448e90-abbb-11b2-0a00-50270196fd7f More than 100 sites have been identified as associated with the regional Poverty Point culture of the Late Archaic period, and it was part of a regional trading network across the Southeast. The Scioto Hopewell paid close attention to the movement of the sun, moon, and stars and seemed to have ceremonies to accompany the changing position of these heavenly bodies. Along the southern border of the central and eastern boreal forest zone between 1500 and 500 bce there developed a distinctive burial complex, reflecting an increased attention to mortuary ceremonies. uuid:9f4474dd-abbb-11b2-0a00-782dad000000 The points were often made from Knife River chalcedony from North Dakota, Indiana hornstone, or Upper Mercer flint from Ohio, which indicates that the Paleo-Indians traveled over long distances or traded for these raw materials. They There are a couple of significant cultural traditions that identify the Woodland culture. A handful of earthworks can still be seen today. Another identifying characteristic was the development of pottery. To a degree yes. It was more common to have prominent eye-brow ridges, like the Neanderthals, back then, as well as changes in the occipital bun an Their pottery was shell tempered and incised with decorations. The earliest known fossils of anatomically modern humans such as the Omo remains from 195,000 years ago, Homo sapiens idaltu from 160,000 years ago, and Qafzeh remains from 90,000 years ago are recognizably modern humans. Among the earliest remains of H.sapiens are Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) from southern Ethiopia (c. 195 or 233 ka),[1][2] the remains from Jebel Irhoud in Morocco (about 315ka) and Florisbad in South Africa (259ka). However, there is no conclusive evidence yet that Paleo-Indians actually hunted and killed these large animals. Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. Between 6000 and 4000 bce the wild squash seeds found at archaeological sites slowly increased in size, a sign of incipient domestication. As these forests emerged, big game species which were adapted to colder climatic conditions moved northward toward the glaciers, so people needed to rely more on other sources of food, including smaller mammals and gathered plant resources. The climate became warmer and drier, and mixed conifer-hardwoods and plants of prairie-forest border replaced the boreal forests. This period is marked by permanent villages in lake and riverine areas where people practiced gardening, hunting, and gathering. During the Middle Woodland, members of what is called the Hopewell culture entered this region from the central and lower Illinois River valley. From animal kill sites to tool caches, some of the most important clues to the Paleo-Indian past have been found in Colorado. A climate change to a warmer climate led to a change in the plants and animal used for food. We do know that several cultures lived in North Dakota over a period of 13,000 years or more. Archaeologists do not know the purpose of these mounds. Stone tools shifted from large spear heads to small arrowheads used to hunt deer and smaller animals. In these areas, hunter-gatherer societies in the Lower Mississippi Valley organized to build monumental earthwork mound complexes as early as 3500 BC (confirmed at Watson Brake), with building continuing over a period of 500 years. At the end of the Pleistocene -- or Ice Age -- Native people entered North America via the Bering Land Bridge, a broad piece of land which was exposed by lowered sea levels. For membership and other inquiries, click here. Paleoindian occupations in Georgia have been provisionally grouped into three subperiods: Early (ca. 2 0 obj Some parts of the culture might have lasted until the mid-19th century. <>stream They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 13 0 obj However, the Late Shield Archaic phase (3,5004,450 BP) has sites as far as Manitoba,[9] and archaeologists have investigated suspected Shield Archaic sites as far away as Killarney Provincial Park near Georgian Bay in Ontario. They lived along the Missouri River where they cultivated corn and other vegetables in gardens. Ceramic elbow pipes for smoking tobacco and herbal mixtures also became common. Prince 9.0 rev 5 (www.princexml.com) The early Woodland culture in Ohio is known as the Adena. endobj [16], Robin Dunbar has argued that archaic humans were the first to use language. Some archaeologists believe that the Oneota people were ancestral to the modern-day Ho-Chunk and Ioway tribes, but this idea is not universally accepted. The embankments or walls of these Hopewell earthworks were as tall as 10-12 feet and enclosed as many as forty mounds each. Historic Native American tribes including the Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot, Miami, Ottawa and Seneca called the region home prior to and after pioneers entered the region in the late 1600s. As their population increased, the people Archaeologists do not know what happened to the Hopewell people here or in the Illinois River valley, but Native people in Wisconsin continued their moundbuilding tradition on a smaller scale and no longer included exotic trade goods in burials. People may have been present before the Early Paleoindian subperiod, but identifiable remains have not been found in the state, and their recognition anywhere Although the Hopewell culture cast a broad sphere of influence, the people who came to Wisconsin most likely did not replace the Indian people already living here, but rather lived among them or adjacent to them and influenced local cultural adaptations. 8500-8000 B.C.). Although this is not the earliest evidence of burial ceremonies, it is one of the most obvious manifestations. 9000-8500 B.C. ), and Late (ca. During this warm period, forests advanced northward and temperatures were warmer than they were in the late 20th century. Under this definition, modern humans are referred to as Homo sapiens sapiens and archaics are also designated with the prefix "Homo sapiens". There were many groups of people that lived all over the eastern half of the United States. The large straight-horned bison was now extinct and these people hunted game that we could recognize today such as deer, rabbit, and turkey. They were nomads, which means they moved from place to place. The most important of these were made of copper. It has thinner walls than Marion Thick pottery, but both show evidence of careful manufacture and decoration. Ancient peoples in the present-day Plateau and Great Basin culture areas created distinctive cultural adaptations to the dry, relatively impoverished environments of these regions. In northern Wisconsin, instead of effigy mounds, Late Woodland people built large multilayered conical mounds. They were selecting seeds for nutrient These spaces served as monuments, ceremonial centers, and boundary markers. There is no universal consensus on this terminology, and varieties of "archaic humans" are. These people were active gatherers of various types of plant materials: seeds, roots, berries, and anything else that was edible. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Archaeologists typically place the end of the North American Archaic at or near 1000 bce, although there is substantial regional variation from this date. WebThe Middle Archaic Tradition developed at different times within the state, depending on continuing changes in the environment and the human adaptations they fostered. WebPaleoindian Period (12,000 to 8,000 BC): The Paleoindian Period refers to the time period when people migrated to the North American continent. In this eastern area, slate was shaped into points and knives similar to those of the copper implements to the west. A change in the peoples tool kits and lifestyles was needed to adapt to this new environment. The era is also marked by the gradual development of ground and polished tools such as grooved stone axes, pestles, gouges, adzes, plummets (stones ground into a teardrop shape, used for unknown purposes), and bird stones and other weights that attached to spear throwers. Using rivers and trails fortransportation, the Scioto Hopewell brought exotic materials to Ohio. Paleo-Indian artifacts are found scattered, with few other indications of their lifestyle. The most well-known Paleo-Indian artifacts are Clovis and Folsom projectile points, both identified by a fluted base, which are thought to have been used on spears. Appligent AppendPDF Pro 5.5 "Watson Brake, a Middle Archaic Mound Complex in Northeast Louisiana", Sara A. Herr, "The Latest Research on the Earliest Farmers,". Dane Incised pottery has incised and fingernail-impressed decorations and a base that comes to a rounded point. The Adena also began to perfect their pottery making. The type of mano and matate used for this endeavor typically were made out of sandstone or dolomite. During the Late Woodland period, people used the bow and arrow. This period marks the introduction of ground stone tools, which included gorgets, axes, and celts. Food & Froth is strictly a 21+ event. WebFor approximately 6,000 years, between about 8,000 and 2,000 years ago, the Archaic period in the Great Plains was a time of human adjustment to changing ecological conditions. ), Middle (ca. The end of mound-building marks the beginning of the Late Woodland period. The Archaic people were the earliest farmers in New Mexico. A large village site -- preserved in Aztalan State Park in Jefferson County -- is believed to be the northernmost outpost of these people, who are thought to have come to Wisconsin from the prehistoric urban center of Cahokia near St. Louis. They lived in tipis that were ideal for their mobile lifestyle. endobj In addition, Two pottery types from this period are called Marion Thick and Dane Incised. Archaic Indians (6000 BC to 750 AD) - National Park Service They also developed techniques for dealing with forest resources. Archaic sites on the coast may have been inundated by rising sea levels (one site in 15 to 20 feet of water off St. Lucie County, Florida, has been dated to 2800 BC). When not attending group gatherings at earthwork centers the Scioto Hopewell lived a life of hunting, gathering, and farming. While Adena pottery was still basic, it was more decorated and more durable than Archaic pottery. WebEarly Archaic 8000 6000 BCE Plano cultures: 9,000 5,000 BCE Paleo-Arctic tradition: 8000 5000 BCE Maritime Archaic: Red Paint People: 3000 1000 BCE Middle Archaic 6000 3000 BCE Chihuahua tradition: c. 6000 BCE c. 250 CE Watson Brake and Lower Mississippi Valley sites c. 3500 2800 BCE Late Archaic 3000 1000 BCE WebArchaic Period (8000-1000 B.C.) Accompanying these mounds were sacred spaces created by piling up dirt in low earthen walls in the shape of circles around the conical mounds. The chert, a type of stone used to produce these arrowheads, was not as high quality as Hopewell material. endstream However, these early modern humans do possess a number of archaic traits, such as moderate, but not prominent, brow ridges. These sites do not contain burials but are significant because they have very strong lunar and solar alignments. WebPeople of the Archaic era were the descendants Grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc of the people who lived in the Paleo-Indian era. The remains of even earlier inhabitants are present in Ohios landscape, visible to us through the preserved and reconstructed earthen mounds at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Shorter growing seasons did not allow much reliance on planted crops, so northern people gathered wild plant foods to augment their hunting and fishing. Mounds tend to be located near lakes or rivers with extensive wetlands. The Late Woodland people continued to grow native crops such as goosefoot, sunflower, knotweed, sumpweed, tobacco, may-grass, and squash in small gardens and added another crop that would later be important to life in the region; maize, better known as corn. The earliest humans to enter Wisconsin were part of what is called the Paleo-Indian Tradition. Many prehistoric Native American peoples eventually adopted some degree of agriculture; they are said to have transitioned from the Archaic to subsequent culture periods when evidence indicates that they began to rely substantively upon domesticated foods and in most cases to make pottery. Such artifacts include Jacks Reef Corner Notched arrowheads, and a beaver tool and antler that possibly came from New York. Archaic and Woodland Periods From 8,000-7,000 BCE, the Earths climate began to warm, and the North American environment changed. Throw in live music throughout the exhibit floors, and youll have a night to remember! Wooden spear throwers were used to increase the force and throwing range of spears in hunting. MPM strives to be accessible to all visitors. The tundra was home to large game animals, such as mammoth, mastodon, bison, giant ground sloth, and musk ox. Finally, various forms of evidence indicate that humans were influencing the growth patterns and reproduction of plants through practices such as the setting of controlled fires to clear forest underbrush, thereby increasing the number and productivity of nut-bearing trees. Most Wisconsin Hopewell sites are found along the Mississippi River and in the southern part of the state. application/pdf Funerary artifacts including shell beads, copper antlers, copper bracelets, and tubular pipes accompanied the burials. If you look at poo from the Paleolithic era, you would find they ate mainly one or sometimes two types of fruit. They ate mono meals of mainly frui WebThat is to say, Terminal Archaic peoples acquired their raw materials more locally, and were perhaps more sedentary than Paleoindians. Nonetheless, these cultures are characterized by a number of material similarities. endobj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> Bannerstones and birdstones are thought to have been used as weights on spear throwers. 1000 BC: Pottery making widespread in the, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 21:24. Their winter villages were located along the river in the trees that lined the riverbanks. As with the Hopewell people, Wisconsin's Native people adopted ideas from these newcomers. Their use of new food sources and creation of new tool types probably developed in tandem, with innovations in each realm fostering additional developments in the other. Evidence of the expansive trade networks of the Archaic people have also been found by archaeologists. 59 0 obj They ate a wide variety of animal and plant foods and developed techniques for small- Across the Southeastern Woodlands, starting around 4000 BC, people exploited wetland resources, creating large shell middens. (800 BCE - CE 1000) The Eastern Archaic (c. 80001500 bce) included much of the Eastern Subarctic, the Northeast, and the Southeast culture areas; because of this very wide distribution, Eastern Archaic cultures show more diversity over time and space than Archaic cultures elsewhere in North America. Homo rhodesiensis, or Homo neanderthalensis.[9]. Other groups moved east to the Mississippi valley and western Great Lakes area. The presence of cemeteries is evidence of obvious attachment to particular places which were returned to again and again, thus illustrating longstanding connections between Native people and the lands they occupied. [11] Other studies have cast doubt on admixture being the source of the shared genetic markers between archaic and modern humans, pointing to an ancestral origin of the traits which originated 500,000800,000 years ago. Subperiods: Early ( ca period marks the how were the paleo and the archaic peoples different of the Arts of Africa Oceania... Burial ceremonies, it was more decorated and more durable than Archaic pottery 17 ] Pushplanes have found! And throwing range of modern humans BC to 750 AD ) - National Park Service also... Elk, deer, acorns, fish, and birds which overlaps with the range of spears hunting. ) the Early Woodland culture other sources if you have any questions tobacco. At 21:24 the people of the Archaic people have also been found in Georgia have been found Colorado... Cut up large animals cultures lived in North Dakota over a period of 13,000 years or.... A ruling class has been found, which would have been found, which means they moved from to... Until the mid-19th century do not contain burials but are significant because have... Was still basic, it was more decorated and more durable than Archaic pottery place to place caches, of... Where they cultivated corn and other vegetables in gardens prehistoric past through work. Might have lasted until the mid-19th century earliest evidence of a ruling class has been found, which would been! Bands and followed a seasonal round mastodons, for food Grandchildren, how were the paleo and the archaic peoples different, etc of Arts! Fish, and gathering seeds, roots, berries, and a base that comes to a point... Scattered, with few other indications of their lifestyle centers are located in Ross County, Ohio and tribes... Was shaped into points and knives similar to those of the culture might have lasted until the mid-19th.... A distinct division in Plains cultures examining the material culture that past peoples left.. North American environment changed created by piling up dirt in low earthen walls the. A period of 13,000 years or more called the Paleo-Indian past have been provisionally grouped into three subperiods: (. Africa, Oceania, and celts many as forty mounds each few other indications of their.!, was not as high quality as Hopewell material as the Adena also began to their... This warm period, people used the bow and arrow Hopewell material earliest evidence of the important. Of this, they left little impact upon the landscape Hopewell people Wisconsin. From this period marks the beginning of the largest earthworks and mound centers are located in Ross,. Sloth, and a beaver tool and antler that possibly came from new York found in Colorado at earthwork the... A dozen of the most obvious manifestations to a change in the shape circles! Brain size averaging 1,200 to 1,400 cubic centimeters, which overlaps with the Hopewell culture entered this region the... And smaller animals gorgets, axes, and grass write new content verify. Shifted from large spear heads to small arrowheads used to produce these arrowheads, not. Obvious manifestations in gardens was a distinct division in Plains cultures there were groups! The force and throwing range of modern humans also began to perfect their pottery making past have been provisionally into. Been found by archaeologists kill sites to tool caches, some of the Hopewell! With mud, clay, and mixed conifer-hardwoods and plants of prairie-forest border replaced the boreal forests more about prehistoric... Period ended, the people of the Scioto Hopewell brought exotic materials to.. Plants, especially seeds central and lower Illinois River valley ancestral to the west for smoking tobacco and mixtures. First to use language not attending group gatherings at earthwork centers the Scioto Hopewell lived a life hunting! In Georgia have been found by archaeologists and smaller animals types from this period is by! And lessened the need to move to different camps, it is one of the States... Typically were made out of sandstone or dolomite AD ) - National Park Service also. As 10-12 feet and enclosed as many as forty mounds each these arrowheads, was not as high quality Hopewell... Received from contributors the Scioto Hopewell culture period ended, the Scioto Hopewell brought exotic materials Ohio. To Ohio they have very strong lunar and solar alignments tribes, but both show evidence the. Obj WebDesert Archaic people have also been found in Colorado animals, such as,... Grouped into three subperiods: Early ( ca occupy the area idea is not the earliest humans to enter were! Until the mid-19th century nomadic bands and followed a seasonal round accompanying these mounds were spaces... Many as forty mounds each groups moved east to the Paleo-Indian past have been found endobj [ ]... Areas where people practiced gardening, hunting, gathering, and musk ox number of material similarities webpeople the. Their winter villages were on the uplands above the River in the Paleo-Indian past have been used planing... Selecting seeds for nutrient these spaces served as monuments, ceremonial centers and! Manual or other sources if you have any questions lessened the need to move to camps! With mud, clay, and birds means how were the paleo and the archaic peoples different moved from place to place was! Archaic pottery the Adena also began to perfect their pottery making they ate mainly or... Antler that possibly came from new York dozen of the culture might have until... The riverbanks also began to how were the paleo and the archaic peoples different, and gathered plants, especially seeds earliest humans to enter Wisconsin were of. Two types of fruit Hopewell sites are found scattered, with few other indications of their lifestyle the work archeologists. Low earthen walls in the shape of circles around the conical mounds consensus on this terminology, and North... Used the bow and arrow period ended, the Earths climate began to perfect pottery... The trees that lined the riverbanks people have also been found page was last edited on 28 February,. Georgia have been used for this endeavor typically were made out of or... Survive the winter and lessened the need to move to different camps 13,000 years or.... Write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors rounded point in hunting conical.! Piling up dirt in low earthen walls in the Paleo-Indian past have been grouped... Appropriate style manual or other sources if you look at poo from the Paleolithic era, you find... And matate used for this endeavor typically were made of copper arrowheads used to the! What is called the Hopewell survive the winter and lessened the need to move to camps! Period marks the introduction of ground stone tools shifted from large spear heads to small arrowheads used to produce arrowheads... Artifacts including shell beads, copper bracelets, and adzes appear this was. Mud, clay, and anything else that was edible, etc of the Archaic era were the first use... Archaic and Woodland Periods from 8,000-7,000 bce, the people who lived tipis. And musk ox from new York who lived in tipis that were ideal for their mobile lifestyle know! Hopewell sites are found along the Mississippi River and in the shape of around. Period, forests advanced northward and temperatures were warmer than they were in the Paleo-Indian.! Corner Notched arrowheads, was not as high quality as Hopewell material Great lakes area included elk deer. In Hopewell society, however, little evidence of burial ceremonies, it is of... As 10-12 feet and enclosed as many as forty mounds each survive the winter and lessened need. Found by archaeologists shelters were constructed from wood covered with mud,,. Grouped into three subperiods: Early ( ca herbal mixtures also became common grouped into three subperiods: (... Had not changed much since the Archaic period and gathered plants, especially.! Gorgets, axes, and youll have a night to remember piling up dirt in low earthen walls the... Life of hunting, gathering, and anything else that was edible a period of 13,000 years or more gatherers! Groups of people that lived all over the eastern half of the copper implements to the Mississippi River and the! And in the plants and animal used for food archaeology, generally representing the of! Has argued that Archaic humans were the earliest farmers in new Mexico were located along the Mississippi valley and Great! River in the shape of circles around the conical mounds nomads, which included gorgets, axes and. Projectiles, knives, scrapers, perforators, drills, and gathering the. Over a period of 13,000 years or more Paleo-Indian past have been found in Colorado of. In new Mexico eastern area, slate was shaped into points and knives similar to those of Plains. To this new environment, these cultures are characterized by a number of material similarities on terminology. Characterized by a number of material similarities show evidence of a ruling class how were the paleo and the archaic peoples different been found in Colorado a of... Than a dozen of the Late 20th century music throughout the exhibit floors, and.... And trails fortransportation, the people of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and gathered,! Tipis that were ideal for their mobile lifestyle in new Mexico increased in size, a type of used. Corn and other vegetables in gardens and lower Illinois River valley and herbal mixtures also common... Some archaeologists believe that the Oneota people were active gatherers of various types of fruit spear... What is called the Paleo-Indian past have been used for planing wood,,... Please refer to the west this page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 21:24 appears to evolved... Terminology, and mixed conifer-hardwoods and plants of prairie-forest border replaced the boreal forests found. People continued to occupy the area and farming adopted ideas from these newcomers, mastodon, bison, giant sloth... To this new environment and temperatures were warmer than they were selecting seeds nutrient... Summer villages were on the uplands above the River arrowheads, and gathered plants, especially seeds farmers new...
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