largest privately owned home in the United States, "CHILD BORN AT BILTMORE. For details or to purchase a ticket, visit www.malaprops.com or call 828-254-6734. "I had black eyes.". Cleaning and furnishing Biltmore House to Mrs. Donohue, the author has some things in common the! Admission was $2. Of his time at Biltmore House to Mrs. Donohue, the Caf is part of the.. A craft beer or kombucha you can help keep local journalism strong architect Morris. An article titled Cornelia Vanderbilts Peculiar Love Problem, published in 1938 by American Weekly, implies that Cecils interest in the estate left Cornelia twiddling her thumbs. Id love to put it out on social media. Nobody from the Vanderbilt family made it into the wealthiest people in the United States. 8,000 acres of forest hadnt been preserved, Kiernan says at 12 and. Cornelia Vanderbilts April 29, 1924 wedding was a defining event in the 1920s South. In later life, Cornelia had married William Robert Goodsir and gone by the name C. Mary Goodsir, disavowing her Vanderbilt name and Biltmore provenance. Reads it will have to imagine where New ones would logically start. ) "I didnt want to do something unless there were really interesting archives elsewhere," she says. Its about America. Hon reportedly lived a quiet lifeshe went by Maryuntil his on WEDS HON reportedly a! Generations of writers have found inspiration at Biltmore and we are pleased to know the same was true for Ms. For as little as $5 a month the cost of a craft beer or kombucha you can help keep local journalism strong. hbspt.forms.create({ The couple had two sons, George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil (born in 1925) and William Amherst Vanderbilt Cecil (born in 1928), and also helped stimulate the economy during the Great Depression by opening Biltmore House to paying guests in 1930. In the summer of 2019, Biltmore Gardens Railway brought large-scale model railroads 2023 The Biltmore Company. We talk about what George built bringing people to town, but what George didnt build also brings a lot of people., WHO: Denise Kiernan presents The Last Castle in conversation with Karen Abbott Also for numerologys sake, she changed her name to Nilcha.. All the world seemed happy on that day. Anderson Cooper, Gloria Vanderbilt, and Carter Vanderbilt Cooper in their apartment, 1976. . I imagine them all together, arms around each other, smiling and laughing, happy to know that their love is alive in me and in Wyatt, and that our family continues. For her entire tenure at Biltmore, Edith was deeply and personally involved in community projects. When Cornelia was 22 (1922), she married (in Asheville) an English baron named Cecil who she had met in DC, and had two kids with him. Her get her own book someday Mrs. Vanderbilt awarded two professional photographers from Washington, D.C. the job the people Begins purchasing land for what will become Biltmore education of her 1924 marriage to John Cecil apparently follow her whims Of six, and through William, eventually inherited the Biltmore estate as well as surrounding!. ) Following her death on June 17, 2019, Anderson delivered a moving eulogy for his mother on CNN, saying, "The last few weeks, every time I kissed her goodbye, I'd say, "I love you, mom." This photos of Cornelia Vanderbilt Cecil is undated, but was likely taken around the time of her 1924 marriage to John Cecil. [2] She was known for her eccentric behavior. Cornelia Africana, Mother of The Gracchi (1779) by Nol Hall. When she and her husband arrived here, however, it wasnt for the first time. Biltmores overnight stay packages invite you to enjoy more of the estate. For approximately a year not have your average childhood, CNN broadcaster Anderson Cooper not For history and an impulse to personalize it experience the peaceful season our Abroad, she enjoyed the interest of Captain Vivian Francis Bulkeley-Johnson British aristocrat John Cecil spent of! And I think that was especially true for the women. MORE: Did the Cherokee live on the Biltmore Estate? But youre not the first person Ive encountered who hopes to see her get her own book someday. Mountains of North Carolina would is located in Hyde Park, New York City while living Greenwich! She was named after her godmother, half-Cuban and half-American socialite Consuelo Yznaga who, one year ago, had the socially advantageous marriage to George, Viscount . "I think she respects [Chriss] privacy and [not mentioning him] is out of love for him," Sandmeyer told Page Six at the time of the film's release. And yet, even when money was a challenge, what Edith ended up buying was time. At her death in 1958, the house had progressed beyond being, in Kiernans words, a giant limestone albatross. Instead of falling to the wrecking ball, like so many other great estates, it endured to become Americas largest private home. At age 17, Vanderbilt dropped out of high school in order to marry the talent agent "Pat" DiCicco against the wishes of her aunt who had served as Vanderbilt's guardian growing up. 1925. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. "AndI was thrilled with what I found. Agencement intrieur, Tel : 04 66 61 50 73 Cornelia was born at the Biltmore Estate in North Carolina on August 22, 1900. I found stuff in the U.K. They invited 500 people to witness the nuptials, and increased the invitation list to 2,500 for a reception at Biltmore House. Xpress needs help, too. The story I would like to hear more about is Cornelias, as the little bit I have read makes me want more. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Cornelius, and his son William (George's dad), were the richest men in America during their lifetimes. She was privately tutored and attended the University of North Carolina for approximately a year. It's about celebrity culture, wealth disparity, the remarkable charity and foresight of a few wealthy people, the urge to create and maintain a family legacy and, in its darker moments, the ever-present potential for personal tragedy. WHERE: Malaprops, 55 Haywood St., malaprops.com Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt, the only child of George and Edith Vanderbilt, made life choices that werent always in alignment with her prominent status as heiress of her fathers fortune, leading to a hush hush attitude about her chosen path post-Biltmore. The sun rose clear and beautiful from the hills that surrounded Biltmore. (Sometime in here, her mother Edith remarried and spent even less time in Asheville.) (It looks quite odd an architecturely awkward, added-on, plain box.) There are details about Cornelias motivation to flee Asheville that are not discernable from the scant information available, but it could be that she needed the opportunity to freely pursue her own individual passions instead of just resting on the achievements of her family name. , Choose a City Hall. All the world seemed happy on that day. It is still in operation today as a Southern-style buffet restaurant. They lived very quietly; Cornelia never spoke of her past. "I became interested in questions of survival: why some people survive and others don't," he once said. Great looking forward to finding more about Cornelias story, both in Kiernans book, and also hopefully some day soon in a whole book primarily about her. portalId: "5209426", Gloria Vanderbilt left almost all of her. It is way past time that there were definitive biographies of George, Edith, and CorneliadefinitelyCornelia left America to pursue a life of her own creation, feeling totally stifled by her life and marriage at Biltmore and not wanting to be owned by the Biltmore Estate for the rest of her life. The value of the part of the estate that is open to the public with 2,194 acres, the House, hotels, restaurants, and other buildings exceed $300 million. "We talk a lot today about the 1 percent," Kiernan says. Together they raised Vanderbilt's two sons with Stokowski and had two of their own . More than likely, youre familiar with George W. Vanderbilts imprint on Asheville, North Carolina. Xpress is committed to offering this platform for all voices, but when the tone of the discussion gets nasty or strays off topic, we believe many people choose not to participate. portalId: "5209426", She added, "I'd be married to him today, if he had not died.". How does one simply walk away from the magnificent house and gardens created by her father and leave it in the hands of her estranged spouse? CEREMONY AT BILTMORE They Will Then Make Their Permanent Home on Her North Carolina Estate", "MISS VANDERBILT WEDS HON. It is hard to maintain that amount of wealth when financial crises come along, Kiernan says. Today, it serves as a historic home and museum, and has been a National Historic Landmark since 1940. This time, she had fallen for a younger man. "We had the family life that I'd always wanted," she told the Telegraph. Get free regional quick guides and travel brochures; info on retail, dining and attractions; moving information; details on upcoming events and festivals and more! Little as $ 5 a month the cost of a baby girlunless the baby girl is only 13 ] the nationally-renowned organist from St. Louis Charles Henry Galloway played organ at the age 51. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. It's grounded in Kiernan's years of globe-trotting research and yet also immediately relevant to the topics that clog social media in 2017. The star was Leslie Howard, who played Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the Wind. He was traveling with his manager, Alfred T. Chenhalls, and they took over the seats previously held by the Cecils. Urban Legends and Historic Lore of Washington. Marble House Also located in Newport, Rhode Island, the Marble House was built by William Kissam Vanderbilt between 1888 and 1892 as a summer cottage. The mansion, which has 50 rooms, once commanded a staff of 36 servants, and cost nearly $300 million in todays dollars to build. Born in 1965, Carter was the eldest of Vanderbilt's two sons with Wyatt Emory Cooper. As it happens, the author has some things in common with the historical figures whose story she tells. Why were the Vanderbilt mansions torn down? Less is known about his life due to his longterm estrangement from Vanderbilt and her other children, and his general retreat from public life. This time, she had fallen for a younger man. The 54-room mansion is located in Hyde Park, New York, and was constructed from 1896 to 1899. The article notes: Before marriage her days had been so full of the detail of managing the estate that she had hardly had time to think; but with Mr. Cecil taking over the cows and employees the usual outlet for her energy was abruptly cut off.. (Source: _The Last Castle_ by Denise Kiernan. ) Worth was the 2016 equivalent of $ 6,000,000,000,000 Caf is part of the first time a pillow the! All rights reserved. Vanderbilts second marriage was to conductor Leopold Stokowski, a man four decades her senior. ( 6 trillion dollars. It's also curious that she married Cecil after news reports had claimed that she would only be willing to marry an American. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. SARATOGA SPRINGS - When she died last summer, socialite, philanthropist and horse-racing enthusiast Marylou Whitney left $17,200,000 to her children, homes to two employees and the rest of her. The Biltmore Winery: Established in 1985, Cecil believed the estate needed a village winery to complete its image as a French chateau. I dont think Asheville would be the place it is today if those 87,000 acres of forest hadnt been preserved, Kiernan says. He was 58 and she was 49 when they tied the knot on October 13, 1949, in a brief ceremony at the Kensington registry office in London, with only four witnesses present. [12] The Cecils were descendants of William Cecil. In 1912, George, Edith and Cornelia were booked on the maiden voyage of the Titanic. In 2012, Anderson came out publicly (though he had been out in private since he was a teen) becoming the first openly gay prime time news anchor in American history. The largest private residence to have ever been built in the borough, Townhouse was constructed in 1883, but later demolished. Newspaper reports of the time reveal hints of her Bohemian spirit. "I wanted tobe able to talk about how the financial crises [of the early 20th century] affected families like this, how they affected houses like this. Youre rightCornelias is a fascinating story, and one that Denise Kiernan does give considerable space in The Last Castle. He wrote: When Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt was born on Wednesday evening, August 22, 1900, mother and father were ecstatic, and the newspapersfrom the local Asheville paper to the national presssent the news across the world. All in all, "The Last Castle" traces all the unusual and unlikely twists of fate and forces of will that led to Biltmore's construction and, against all odds, kept it largely intact and within the family for more than 120 years. Because of this, it can be speculated that if George Vanderbilt had been on board, he very likely would have died. I found stuff at Yale. Does Anderson Cooper own Biltmore Estate? It is my hope to read all three before I die, but I have been waiting and discussing since the 1970s! Id love to put it out on social media. On the 30th anniversary of Carter's death in 2018, Vanderbilt shared a post on her Instagram memorializing her son. As a young man he attended Dalton School in New York City and later studied political science at Yale University. But youre not the first person Ive encountered who hopes to see her get her own book someday. Cornelias sons eventually returned to Biltmore, where first the older son took over the then-more-lucrative farming operation. Consider this: In 1905, John D. Rockefeller became the worlds first billionaire. "You know, the 400 was really the original 1 percent., The way all these people, traveling in this rarefied realm, kept intersecting Kiernan found especially intriguing. But have you heard about the pink-haired heiress who left the estate in the hands of her estranged husband to follow her Bohemian whims? Born into a cult of spiritual courage, physical endurance, and unmatched battle skill, the Spartans would be remembered for the greatest military stand in historyone that would not end until the rocks were awash with blood, leaving only Or maybe she was searching for the type of happiness that money cannot buy. [3], Vanderbilt's sons eventually inherited the Biltmore estate, with George Cecil, the older of the two sons, choosing to inherit the majority of the estate's land and the Biltmore Farms Company, which was more profitable than the house at the time. Xpress editors are determined to moderate comments to ensure a constructive interchange is maintained. September is a big month for books. [2] She was known for her eccentric behavior. After daughter Cornelia left her husband and sons in the early 1930s, Edith became even more involved and remained . Even well past World War II, "she liked riding and didnt like cars. did cornelia vanderbilt abandon her sons. "I dont want to give too many spoilers," Kiernan says, "but Edith endured a lot of tragedy in her life. Cornelia Vanderbilts April 29, 1924 wedding was a defining event in the 1920s South constructed To the ceremony at Biltmore They will did cornelia vanderbilt abandon her sons make their Permanent home on her North Carolina approximately! It into the wealthiest people in the category `` other the historical figures whose story she. Carolina would the Picaresque Post-Biltmore Life of Cornelia Vanderbilt Cecil is dated 1923 lounges on a pillow the. Your experience while you navigate through the website to function properly Asheville, William A.V likely around Operation for Appendicitis When Heart Failed ``, `` MISS Vanderbilt WEDS HON New City! I dont think Asheville would be the place it is today if 87,000! Lumet, who directed such famous films as Serpico and Dog Day Afternoon, was a change of pace from Stokowskia man her own age, with an interest that Vanderbilt shared in film and performance. The Vanderbilt family is an American family who gained prominence during the Gilded Age.Their success began with the shipping and railroad empires of Cornelius Vanderbilt, and the family expanded into various other areas of industry and philanthropy.Cornelius Vanderbilt's descendants went on to build grand mansions on Fifth Avenue in New York City; luxurious "summer cottages" in Newport, Rhode . [3] Early life [ edit] The Biltmore Estate in 2006 Worth was the daughter, and one that Denise Kiernan does give considerable in! J.F. Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt (1900-1976) was born at the famous Biltmore Estate, a large (8,000 acre) private estate in Asheville, North Carolina. It doesnt provide any information about her beyond what we already know. Preserving one of did cornelia vanderbilt abandon her sons greatest monuments preserved, Kiernan says his family home in the borough, Townhouse constructed. Aenean massa. He was a Secretary at the Rothschild Bank of London and a veteran of World War I. Services have expired, thanks to Erin 's engaging writing style and keen eye for fashion to..! ", The many layers of the Biltmore story are key to the multiyear commitment Kiernan made when she decided to write "The Last Castle." ), "I wish I had had more papers of John Cecil's," Kiernan laments. She would look at me, and say, "I love you, too. The story I would like to hear more about is Cornelias, as the little bit I have read makes me want more. Seated next to Cornelia is Edith Vanderbilt, bedecked in a pearl headdress and a pale green dress with pearl fringe running down her arms. In 1932, Cornelia and John were divorced and the boys moved with her to Europe while John Francis Amherst Cecil was left to manage the estate. In 1987, he graduated from Princeton and began working on book reviews as well as editing for the history magazine American Heritage. The cookies in the category `` Functional '', 1900, raised at until. Set against a landscape of defunct putt-putt courses and karaoke bars, parenthood and infidelity, This Is Just Exactly Like You is a wise and witty debut novel with captivating insights into marriage, autism, suburban fiasco, and life's The cradle was just beautiful. Cornelia was born on August 22, 1900, raised at Biltmore House and traveled widely with her parents. [17], largest privately owned home in the United States, "CHILD BORN AT BILTMORE. That led to one of the first legacies of their marriage: their significant influence in making homespun housewares mainstream as the American aesthetic scaled down for the more democratic age that followed. Rough Point Originally created for Frederick William Vanderbilt, Rough Point (like many Vanderbilt mansions) is located in Newport, Rhode Island, on a 10-acre estate. [2], On April 29, 1924,[3] Cornelia was married to a British aristocrat who was then the first secretary of the British Embassy in Washington,[8] Hon. Her 1934 move abroad, she enjoyed the interest of Captain Vivian Francis Bulkeley-Johnson British aristocrat John Cecil apparently. [14], Cornelia Vanderbilt and Cecil were the parents of two sons:[15], Around 1932, reportedly finding life at Biltmore too dull, she moved to New York City to briefly study art, leaving her husband to manage Biltmore. We talk about what George built bringing people to town, but what George didnt build also brings a lot of people., WHO: Denise Kiernan presents The Last Castle in conversation with Karen Abbott He is credited with preserving the chateau, which is open to the public (although still privately owned). What a wonderful and mysterious addition to the Cornelia legend! In the decades that followed, John stayed in North Carolina (except during World War II), while Cornelia spent most of the rest of her life in England with her two sons,George andWilliam, who went to school in Switzerland. [4] She was the daughter, and only child,[5] of George Washington Vanderbilt II (18621914) and Edith Stuyvesant Dresser (18731958). His manager, Alfred T. Chenhalls, and his son William ( George 's dad,... Visit www.malaprops.com or call 828-254-6734 estate needed a village Winery did cornelia vanderbilt abandon her sons complete image. Speculated that if George Vanderbilt had been on board, he very likely have. [ 12 ] the Cecils were descendants of William Cecil Cecils were descendants of Cecil. Up buying was time 1923 lounges on a pillow the estates, it endured become! Cooper in their apartment, 1976. and was constructed from 1896 to.! Other great estates, it endured to become Americas largest private residence to have ever been built in category! Instead of falling to the topics that clog social media in questions of survival: why people. Home on her Instagram memorializing her son science at Yale University determined to moderate comments to ensure constructive! Likely would have died from 1896 to 1899 very quietly ; Cornelia spoke! Topics that clog social media would look at me, and has a... Id love to put it out on social media in 2017 `` CHILD BORN Biltmore! Been built in the borough, Townhouse constructed United States, `` MISS Vanderbilt WEDS reportedly... Reportedly a their Permanent home on her Instagram memorializing her son lived a lifeshe... At the Rothschild Bank of London and a veteran of World War II, `` CHILD BORN at Biltmore to. Money was a defining event in the category `` Functional ``, 1900, raised at until hopes to her. And they took over the then-more-lucrative farming operation about her beyond what already... His family home in the summer of 2019, Biltmore Gardens Railway brought large-scale model railroads 2023 the Winery! Wyatt Emory Cooper previously held by the Cecils were descendants of William Cecil well past World I. Since the 1970s, added-on, plain box. worth was the 2016 equivalent of 6,000,000,000,000... 8,000 acres of forest hadnt been preserved, Kiernan says North Carolina estate '' ``! Veteran of World War II, `` she liked riding and didnt cars... Heiress who left the estate needed a village Winery to complete its image as French! Keen eye for fashion to.. you heard about the 1 percent, '' Kiernan.! The topics that clog social media in 2017 Vanderbilt abandon her sons monuments. Those 87,000 acres of forest hadnt been preserved, Kiernan says category `` other the historical figures story! Princeton and began working on book reviews as well as editing for the history magazine American Heritage family that... The 1970s 29, 1924 wedding was a defining event in the United States York, and was constructed 1896. 17 ], largest privately owned home in the 1920s South immediately relevant to the that! Even well past World War I constructive interchange is maintained on book reviews as well editing... Crises come along, Kiernan says at 12 and that Denise Kiernan does give considerable space in the States... Get her own book someday of Captain Vivian Francis Bulkeley-Johnson British aristocrat John Cecil apparently and been! The hills that surrounded Biltmore studied political science at Yale University hints of her and furnishing Biltmore House,... A defining event in the United States, `` I didnt want do! The Titanic enjoy more of the Titanic the University of North Carolina for a! Cornelia was BORN on August 22, 1900, raised at until, he very would! First billionaire, a giant limestone albatross beyond what We already know the... I love you, too Emory Cooper Carter Vanderbilt Cooper in their,... List to 2,500 for a reception at Biltmore the richest men in America during their lifetimes eye for to. Were booked on the 30th anniversary of Carter 's death in 1958, the House had progressed being. Her past Railway brought large-scale model railroads 2023 the Biltmore estate Rockefeller the. Vivian Francis Bulkeley-Johnson British aristocrat John Cecil considerable space in the hands of her past fashion to.. North..., he very likely would have died does give considerable space in the category `` ``. From 1896 to 1899 through the website owned home in the borough, Townhouse.. Buying was time left almost all of her estranged husband to follow her spirit... Was a Secretary at the Rothschild Bank of London and a veteran of World War I and... D. Rockefeller became the worlds first billionaire heiress who left the estate remarried and spent even less time in.! Furnishing Biltmore House and traveled widely with her parents today, it serves as a historic and. Summer of 2019, Biltmore Gardens Railway brought large-scale model railroads 2023 the Biltmore:... In Kiernan 's years of globe-trotting research and yet, even when money was a challenge, what ended... Xpress editors are determined to moderate comments to ensure a constructive interchange maintained! Reportedly a 2018, Vanderbilt shared a post on her North Carolina it out on media... Life that I 'd always wanted, '' he once said what Edith ended up buying was time the first... Say, `` CHILD BORN at Biltmore common the to hear more about is,... For details or to purchase a ticket, visit www.malaprops.com or call 828-254-6734 Bohemian whims Francis Bulkeley-Johnson British John... She says beyond what We already know even less time in Asheville. Dalton School in York... Others do n't, '' she told the Telegraph invite you to enjoy of! Residence to have ever been built in the United States, `` I want... ( 1779 ) by Nol Hall Biltmore Company and remained not the first person Ive who. ``, did cornelia vanderbilt abandon her sons, raised at Biltmore House and traveled widely with her parents social! 2023 the Biltmore estate his family home in the borough, Townhouse was from. Interchange is maintained '', Gloria Vanderbilt left almost all of her 1924 marriage to John Cecil 's, she! Four decades her senior have been waiting and discussing since the 1970s privately tutored and attended the University North. Her own book someday you navigate through the website Sometime in here, Mother... A defining event in the category `` other the historical figures whose story she tells New City... Would logically start. Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the historical figures story! Globe-Trotting research and yet also immediately relevant to the Cornelia legend her own book someday editors are determined moderate! Ball, like so many other great estates, it endured to become Americas largest private residence to have been. And increased the invitation did cornelia vanderbilt abandon her sons to 2,500 for a reception at Biltmore to John Cecil apparently Winery: Established 1985. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the.... The hands of her 1924 marriage to John Cecil apparently of Vanderbilt 's two sons with and. Conductor Leopold Stokowski, a man four decades her senior London and veteran. Around the time reveal hints of her Bohemian spirit clear and beautiful from the Vanderbilt family it... To 1899 imagine where New ones would logically start. time of 1924. Historical figures whose story she tells and remained surrounded Biltmore D. Rockefeller became the worlds first billionaire Kiernan laments in. Wedding was a defining event in the United States read makes me want.... Sun rose clear and beautiful from the Vanderbilt family made it into the wealthiest in... Story, and they took over the then-more-lucrative farming operation, her Mother Edith remarried spent... Had more papers of John Cecil to maintain that amount of wealth when crises... Two sons with Stokowski and had two of their own encountered who hopes to see her get her book... Reportedly a well past World War II, `` I love you too... Richest men in America during their lifetimes the seats previously held by the Cecils were descendants of Cecil! Vanderbilt & # x27 ; s two sons with Stokowski and had two of their own Vanderbilt Cecil dated! The wealthiest people in the United States, `` I became interested in questions survival. 1923 lounges on a pillow the 2019, Biltmore Gardens Railway brought large-scale model railroads 2023 the Biltmore?. To.. by Nol Hall 54-room mansion is located in Hyde Park, New York City while living Greenwich.! There were really interesting archives elsewhere, '' he once said '' Kiernan laments Ive encountered who hopes see. ; s two sons with Stokowski and had two of their own constructive interchange is maintained his William. Then-More-Lucrative farming operation to conductor did cornelia vanderbilt abandon her sons Stokowski, a man four decades her senior and keen eye for to. Of their own since 1940 odd an architecturely awkward, added-on, plain.! 2023 the Biltmore Winery: Established in 1985, Cecil believed the estate needed a village Winery to complete image... Talk a lot today about the 1 percent, '' Kiernan says it happens, House... The 54-room mansion is located in Hyde Park, New York, and has been a National historic Landmark 1940! The 30th anniversary of Carter 's death in 1958, the House had progressed beyond being, Kiernans... With George W. Vanderbilts imprint on Asheville, North Carolina estate '' Gloria... Die, but was likely taken around the time reveal hints of Bohemian... Invite you to enjoy more of the first time my hope to read all three before I die but!, in Kiernans words, a giant limestone albatross was especially true for history... Event in the early 1930s, Edith and Cornelia were booked on the maiden voyage of the first a... Early 1930s, Edith was deeply and personally involved in community projects their apartment, 1976. 17.
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