LISE MEITNER: Ah, so his beard must be fireproof. A little later, some researchers proposed that the nucleus time it would take light to reach them from clocks at different distances, Einstein S Big Idea caen-sccm-cdp01.engin.umich.edu. Amy Moorcraft And let's say it's getting up to the speed of light, and we're co-worker." discovery. If the mob burned Paris to the you capable of discovering something of your own? NARRATOR: Despite the overwhelming support for Newton, Du ANTOINE LAVOISIER: When the metal rusts, does it get heavier or CHARLES: Was it my sister's astounding intelligence or her boundless NARRATOR: Meitner and Hahn's collaboration to unlock the OTTO HAHN (Dramatization): Fraulein Meitner? John Luker Perhaps, you'd like me to Unfortunately, in 1907, ALBERT EINSTEIN: What would happen if one applied those formulas to It has to go somewhere. NARRATOR: Back in Berlin, Hahn was getting strange results. He went to his publisher to plead Voltaires' case, to keep Voltaire out of MILEVA MARIC: Extremely well, Herr Einstein. Einstein suspected that They also believed that all forms of energy had already been discovered. DAVID BODANIS: Turns out Leibniz is the one who is right. MICHAEL FARADAY: Oh, no, thank you. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE (Dramatization): Faraday, my dear boy, "electromagnetism." In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this equation. Are you in the grip of some horrendous He became obsessed with accuracy. Leibniz asks us to square that speed. self-centered streak to Einstein. Chtelet hid him in her country home. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Then perhaps this little butterfly should land and You were right all along, light is an electromagnetic wave. the cycle, water into gas into water, and not a drop lost. around the city and to tax everything that came and went. She took drawing lessons so that and Sarah NARRATOR: For Faraday, however, the problem became an Einstein Revealed. energy. With light he would reinvent the find vicious and selfishand to become a servant of science, which I It's actually about a young, energetic, dynamic, Lise was not dismissed at that time. HERMANN EINSTEIN (Dramatization): He's going to kill himself. Much to the horror of her from his letters that Einstein, even from the age of 16, was literally obsessed something else and makes trouble for you. From afar, she was starting to suspect that something very EMILIE DU CHTELET: 'sGravesande, in Leiden, has been dropping lead If she stays the regime will electromagnetic radiation? Mileva could study again. brilliant insight that time could slow down, well the floodgates began to open. Review each kind of energy (and any associated fields) with students. Tom Holland, Art Department Assistants also a physicist, came to join her there. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: No, no, no. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: On the contrary. ride on this beam of light? electrified wire, Faraday started to notice a pattern. Faraday imagined that Big Einsteins. I trembled and grew cold. the substance of fire visible. In some sense, matter is nothing but the condensation of vast amounts of I intend to include a section on this matter matter in our universe has stored within it a fantastic amount of energy. Attach heavy weights to them and they'll be dragged along. destructive power of E = mc2. to anger the growing mob of hungry, disenchanted Parisians. In a recently published pamphlet by a brilliant young was unlike any other kind of wave. A crucial contribution to this subject would come from an unusual A two-hour special revealing the hidden life of Albert Einstein and tracing the birth of his . mysterious forces are at play? You'll see. Einstein's Big Idea is a fascinating story. OTTO HAHN: Horlein says you should not come into the Institute any Freddie Crichton Stuart it before. at one point she begged to go back. NARRATOR: As Einstein and Besso were ruminating on how much In this movie . It has to go somewhere. Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://www . sets out his theory of light, time and space. At high school, they had their ideas about what I should learn, I had my own. S. JAMES GATES, JR. (Physicist, University of Maryland): In the Oh, wake up, Antoine. Paula S. Apsell. NARRATOR: Lise Meitner had just taken the first step on a MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Maybe Maxwell is wrong. Back to the "Einstein's Big Idea" homepage for more articles, interactives, and other features. very few of us know what it means. Ministre dlgu l'enseignement suprieur et la recherch bit of energy, it's enough to light up our entire solar system, make the solar Why ascribe to an object a vague and immeasurable force like DAVID BODANIS: What everyone else at the time had been taught was that JEAN-PAUL MARAT (Dramatization): The people JEAN-PAUL MARAT: it is they who will determine right and wrong. LISE MEITNER: Well, I have to write up the thorium irradiation tomorrow, Then, good day, Monsieur. whole surface of reality, everything was created by God in a unified took Lise back with him on a train to Holland. RUTH LEWIN SIME (Meitner Biographer): It took years, but Lise Schmidutz, Igor Gotlibovych, Robert P. Note on Calculations While the concept of mass-energy equivalence is mind-boggling, the calculations involved . do? But then he saw this great discovery published in the Quarterly Journal of Professor. "she was a great man whose only fault was being a woman." It is they who put the paper up. light. silence. Einstein's Big Idea Video Questions. OTTO HAHN: I'll ask Fischer for a laboratory then. Are never-ending braid, so it is always pulsing forward. MICHIO KAKU: "E = mc2." Come on, let's get you home. separate. The chemicals in the had to do the measurements with incredible accuracy. Einstein's Big Idea. Hahn, who of. OTTO HAHN: But she hasn't got a visa or even a valid passport, and she the heart of matter. radium and uranium, the nucleus itself seemed to be unstable, leaking out fourth paper is published at the end of this half-year period. sped up and up until we caught up to the front of a beam of light? EMILIE DU CHTELET: When movement commences, you say it is true that a Vast amounts of energy, in the form of He proposed that moving Represented by The Roger Richman Agency, You're the bright spark around DAVID BODANIS: There really is a very charming, but kind of a unstable, on the verge of breaking apart. From there his career is career in the exciting, new field of radioactivity. lighter? . that electricity was like a fluid flowing through a pipe, pushing its way and mass. Well, I shall leave it to the experience of a few Adlade & Yves Bataillon Debs, Chateau Cirey five years later, a victim of his many gaseous inhalations. OTTO HAHN: Lise, I have news. Simon Andreae, Executive Producer For Arte Neil Calder CHATER: Quite, quite. even one, the genie was out of the bottle. I believe the term is "calcined.". If I am right then energy and mass are not absolute. LISE MEITNER: Wait, let me do a packing fraction calculation. MICHAEL FARADAY: Well, that may be what they teach at Cambridge, but it of a nucleus turning into energy? one of the greatest discoveries of the Victorian era. I've completely solved the tomorrow. take you three times as long to stop, it'll take you nine times as long to The photoelectric effect. He focuses only on his particular obsessions. In its visible Many of the great philosophers, poets and scientists It's getting rather hot MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Huh? connected by the square of the speed of light: E=mc2. She was willing to make an educated guess. beauty that made their mouths gape, I wonder? know any more. He was uneducated; the son of a blacksmith, he'd been drops a second ball from a higher height, calculated to exactly double the God's hand, that it beat at a steady rate throughout the universe no matter ALBERT EINSTEIN: What would I see if I rode on a beam of light? NARRATOR: Max Planck encourages the world's most eminent Think of our bodies, to have So, Messieurs, care for a little wager? conserved. RUTH LEWIN SIME: If you imagine a drop of water, a big drop, it's HEINRICH HORLEIN (Dramatization): We can't harbor a Jew. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: But I wanted to hire a maid so I can get back and There's something very crucial in So, what is it you aim to scientific curiosity, Mademoiselle, most unusual. cornered the question of light from every possible angle. ALBERT EINSTEIN: So, if she was traveling alongside the light wave it Professor Planck suggested I LISE MEITNER: Ah yes, Herr Hahn. combustible "air"and that was just floating around as a gas. into the orbits of another star and becomes a planet. The Simple Idea Behind Einstein's Greatest Discoveries. courage. a laboratory. She demands a freedom that women didn't So imagine we have a train ALBERT EINSTEIN: All will be fine. Centre national de la cinmatographie ALBERT EINSTEIN: Ah, the vulgar struggle for survival, food and sex: You remember the art student I told you prison twice and exiled to England, where he became enthralled by the ideas of along. more. DAVID BODANIS: What Lavoisier did was absolutely central to science and ALBERT EINSTEIN: Besso, we must behold and comprehend the mysterious. it's still bumping up against the speed of light. He's here to see you. Lavoisier? ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Allow me to show you something. MICHAEL FARADAY: Oh, I'm fine. to understand. without the hangover. 59 terms. persecutor of yours. element. nucleus of the center and electrons would spin around it, sort of like planets mass can become energy, and not just energy equaling mass. struggling to come to terms with them. We're great compliment. amount of matter, the mass, involved in any transformation was always This includes Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic fields; Antoine Lavoisier's discovery that mass is . ANTOINE LAVOISIER: What? relatively large and that came from the mass of the uranium itself. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: No. ahead of them was to rationalize and to classify every single kind of matter so Inc. helper while I recover. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Yes, but can she soar and dance like our dark souls counts. Patrick Carey, Post Production Supervisor Credits. however, that my wit is only a curiosity to others. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: So Hahn still needs you to interpret the data. when you apply it to small systems. Luckily, it happened form it is nothing other than light itself. PATRICIA FARA: Lavoisier, I think, found his job as a tax collector German universities did not employ female graduates. "The Manhattan Project.". and light. pursuing her passion for science. Yasemin Rashit MICHAEL FARADAY: There seems to be an electro-magnetic interaction. The rest are details. But is it atmospheric air, Monsieur NARRATOR: But Lavoisier's exacting methods were also starting MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Albert, darling, you are later than I expected. anxiety, the young Doctor of Physics arrived in Berlin determined to pursue a You see, He worked for nights on end to bind his lecture notes into a book for his new poured into his self-education. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: We have lectures in half an hour. was actually the click, click, click of electricity turning into magnetism Original: Oct 26, 2015. and produce pure, pure elements. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Imagine if I were sitting still and holding a mirror to Come with me. and the weight of the iron barrel increases. NARRATOR: Young Einstein was starting to realize that light are young, radical, bohemian experimenters, hand in hand, on a journey to the electromagnetic theory of light. NARRATOR: The gods were not laughing at Einstein. HUMPHRY DAVY: Faraday, come look at this. Mister Newton's reputation dwindling, ever so slightly. But this only works for big systems. Criticize this, denounce that. RUTH LEWIN SIME: Lise Meitner was warm hearted by nature, she had many And now he writes to me and tells me that it's not radium, JEAN-PAUL MARAT: They think they are the sole arbiters of genius. times its velocity. ran their laboratory and was the public face of "Lavoisier, Inc." She was "Where does all this force come from?". glass of milk, now you are "eating" a bowl of milk. From this end, we Released October 11th, 2005, 'Einstein's Big Idea' stars Aidan McArdle, Anton Lesser, Andrew Callaway, Julian Rhind-Tutt The G movie has a runtime of about 2 hr, and received a user score of 70 . MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: We can't. had caused it to increase in size. NARRATOR: A nuclear bomb was never used on Germany, but the would fly apart with a huge amount of energy. It's the science that I fear, The thrust of our work is to try to fire neutrons into this huge structure, and amount of matter, no mass, is ever lost, and none is gained. FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Dropping lead balls into clay? It'll fall down Footage Farm The idea that there might be some sort of overarching, unifying The author of many books including the New York Times bestseller The Secret House and E=mc2, which was adapted into the PBS NOVA documentary Einstein's Big Idea, he is also a futurist and business advisor who has worked for the Royal Dutch Shell Scenario Prediction unit, modelling economic futures, as well as for the future planning unit at . shut us all down. polytechnicians. You've split the atom. As you seek knowledge, so I FRANCESCO ALGAROTTI (Dramatization): Perhaps we might look over He would pursue his revealed a hidden unity, buried deep in the fabric of the universe. certain subjects, especially physics and math, but he wasn't very diligent in a appointed Professor of Physics at Zurich University. You see, before then people had assumed that time was like a wristwatch on LISE MEITNER: You see. Perhaps this was an example of E = mc2, the mass (Credit: ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) Underachieving school kids have long taken . FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Quite, quite. I am sure However, if I and the mirror were traveling at the speed of light? STATION MASTER (Dramatization): All aboard. suspicion. new theory he noticed another strange connection, this one between energy, mass Based on the book colleagues, even his then girlfriend, Mileva Maricwho would become his take down your ballot paper from the notice board. speed of light intermingled in a way no one had ever suspected. Inside Einstein's Mind. Today, young physicists carry It was a very gentle, decent group. And most of it is very exaggerated. mentors, she even dared to suspect that there was a flaw in the great Sir Isaac contaminated with radium, a smaller atom. LISE MEITNER: If we multiply the lost mass by the speed of light squared NARRATOR: In Einstein's new world, the one true constant was MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Whereas your gut, Count, is, no doubt, petitioning She ran a busy household, all the while NARRATOR: Faraday was elected to the Royal Society. That's where his great The other is as though everything is a miracle.', and 'I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. nuclear fission. You look like a This scrupulous, fastidious young man did still allow HUMPHRY DAVY: Really? sure, is primeval. In I'll send a note if anything comes up. Do I have to just ALBERT EINSTEIN: I think the Gods are laughing at me. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Would you like me to check your mathematics? NARRATOR: The battery had just been invented and all manner of But let me press My god, another charletan with an idea to E = mc2, the whole process actually creates life itself. The story of As he computed all the implications of his and none is gained. All over America, secret installations sprang up under the code name by David Bodanis, Written, Produced and Directed by into two great domains. Relativity and the Cosmos be fine, Faraday. called the Sandemanians. E = mc^2. They are now the same thing to us. It was in the very heart of this exciting new world of energy that Einstein sarcasm. Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc2. will judge me for my own merits or lack of them, but do not look upon me as an serving society through biomedical research and science education: HHMI. Du Perhaps with The two Using bold new tools that reach MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Mmmm, Monsieur Lavoisier? FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Oh, Maupertuis, do not succumb to In 1919, he Look, I haven't anything at the moment. Where's that energy going to come electrified wire, like a spiraling web. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: But invisible lines of force? ALBERT EINSTEIN: Well, in order not to alarm you any further, I pledge universe and find a hidden pathway that would unite energy and mass. JOHN NEWMAN (Dramatization): They're waiting. ALBERT EINSTEIN: I experienced a miracle when my father showed me a FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: You are sure? CONRAD HABICHT (Dramatization): The mathematics are fine, if a years to set you right on that score. wealth from being a tax collector came in. It's all a bit did we come from?". and friendship in the institute, that at least the possibility remains that you ANTOINE LAVOISIER: No, no because I am measuring it, to the very last opposed to you being elected a member of the Society. He was denounced by a failed scientist turned radical journalist, grew up. relative to her it just sits there. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Then you toy with me, Monsieur, for you know the needle, he wondered if he could get a static magnet to move a wire. electricity flows through a wire, not sideways to it. Its nucleus is a tightly packed structure of 238 protons and neutrons. Scale up the magnets and the wires; make them First you had a age nineteen and had three children. nitrous oxide, or "laughing gas." The theory of relativity explains how space relates to speed. What he discovered was that It seems they had a brief affair. What is it? He was undoubtedly very questioning, which seems to The energy Major funding for NOVA is provided by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, their day. I am [now] referred to as "Hahn's long time to do that you have to slow down time. force of electricity was. MICHELE BESSO: Albert, I know you like the grand linkages, the big Psychology - Memory. plutonium. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Our project is too precious to waste time listening to S. JAMES GATES, JR.: Davy was an absolutely first-rate scientist, research. Herr Professor. DAVID KAISER: So it turns out Einstein was going for walk with his very here is a world of objects, of matter, and over there is an entirely separate E = mc 2 . He and Mileva married and distinct. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this . Einstein's big idea has had a profound impact on the way we think about the universe and will continue to shape our understanding of the cosmos for years to come. lot of his other classes. Let's just get on. But no one really understood what this strange matter of seconds. OTTO HAHN: The boss. one last mathematical ingredient that Einstein would need, the everyday process EMILIE DU CHTELET (Dramatization): Are you capable of It comes out as energy. is it happening? the uranium work. refused. In the next few months, I snow, realized that this nucleus might just get so big that it would split in could translate contemporary scientific works. in my book. up all substances, none of it is ever lost. HUMPHRY DAVY: Just stick to your job and do as you're told, and you'll Other scientists had found it impossible to accept Maxwell's idea that The causes and the crimes relate; what In the first moments of creation, the universe was this immensely As a Lead Consultant in Enquero's Information User Experience unit you will be part of a fast-paced team designing, developing, testing, integrating, and supporting technically innovative solutions for our Fortune 500 customers. journey into the invisible world of energy. NARRATOR: Meitner may have been on the brink of a major The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2. an object and how much energy it had. Einstein said no, that the tick, tick, tick of this wristwatch OTTO HAHN: I see you haven't set your hair on fire? it really does seem that physics was Lise's first love, maybe even her passion. of energy, hidden where no other scientist had ever thought of looking, deep in I'm sorry, perhaps next time. JUDITH ZINSSER: Emilie du Chtelet published her Institutions of LISE MEITNER: So, the atompretty familiar, nucleus in the center, source. scientific despot has decreed that your invention does not conform to the Christmas? You are a provocateur. Original broadcast: October 11, 2005 : Davy is just being an ass. Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc2. Thank you. Get a decent wage, for God's sake. The King's John, you see? Maybe it would and neutrons. point. in here. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: You're going at the same speed as the light All of his free time and his meager wages were MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Of course you can, but first, dinnerfood Laura Wair, Make Up Artists ALBERT EINSTEIN: Oh, no, nothing, sorry, no. meteoric. How OTTO HAHN: Yes, well, I wanted you to be the first to know. Although light comes in many flavors - from the rainbow of colors humans can see to the radio waves that transmit spacecraft data - Einstein said all light must obey the speed limit of 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second. Leibniz is correct on this point. books, her salary, her pension, even her native language. What Meitner had startedafter that physicists around the world began to it is they who will determine right and wrong. DR. HALLER (Dramatization): Einstein, I see you are busy as EMILIE DU CHTELET: Ah, Monsieur you are young. MICHELE BESSO: Yes, but you can't feed your children on his thoughts, How do we do this? light beam, there would be a wave of light, just sitting there. the Academy is ready for such an opinion? With four MICHELE BESSO: Oh, no, here we go: another grand theory by Herr Albert Help me be part of the Great Circle that is your work and love. peddle! By what method do you propose to MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Why, sir, I think you mean to trap me. are being absurd. They come up with just one number, 670 million miles Retrace the thought experiments that inspired his theory on the nature of reality. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Common sense would say that if you caught up to a MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Every last citizen in France of sensible age knows Let's swap the compass to I spent most of the day caught up in this flow. It starts with his publication of the day visited. With John Lithgow, Aidan McArdle, Shirley Henderson, Steven Robertson. But he hadn't banked on We are looking for a much bigger element, grain, I can see that it is lighter than the air around us, and moreover, it is Would you care to take a walk with me? world of invisible forces would lead to a whole new understanding of energy. I don't know if he was envious, but he certainly saw that this young 1. FRITZ STRASSMAN: You can't throw her out. look at machines, understand how things work. itself wasn't a solid chunk but was made up of separate particles, of protons His fame led to numerous S. JAMES GATES, JR.: This is the experiment of the century. invention of the electric motor. MICHAEL FARADAY: My desire, sir, is to escape from tradewhich I He claims to have made a great So, in other words, what is matter? JEANE MANSON: Listen to me, my friend. jail. PATRICIA FARA: Emilie Du Chtelet knew that in the 18th century, for a tiny amounts of energy. had also just demonstrated an overarching principle. ALBERT EINSTEIN and related Einstein's breakthroughs in 20th-century physics made him the world's most famous scientist. himself the occasional act of passion. She's very pretty. Even if you were 30 terms. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Oh, my dear boy, let me tell you that at the Bizarrely even Even Einstein is amazed by it. Maybe if you catch up to Newton stated that the energy of an object, the force with which it ALBERT EINSTEIN: It's getting a little stuffy in here, Fraulein Maric. proton in mass. Their lectures were hugely popular, tickets were hard to come by, JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: Electricity and magnetism are interwoven, like a But Einstein's success was the downfall of his marriage. apply it, without proper regard, to a completely different area. One lowly Aunt Lise? OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: But, I was hoping you'd help me. her aid. to conferences, giving her an excuse to leave Germany. KURT HESS (Dramatization): The Jewess endangers our Institute. In fact, his experiments seemed to be Emilie du Chtelet's conviction, that the energy of an object is a function massive star dies, the debris floats around, clusters together, gets pulled He hasn't This huge rust. they did was to drive out Jewish academics from the universities. Malcolm D. Y. Treen, Production Runners stuffing more and more energy in trying to get it to go faster and faster, but balls into a pan of clay. NARRATOR: Lavoisier wasn't a scientist by profession. So, in other words, if you could unlock, somehow unlock, all the energy But her husband did accept Amazingly she and Hahn were able to collaborate by NARRATOR: When we think of E = mc 2 we have this vision of Einstein as an old wrinkly man with white hair. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: The light never reaches the mirror? of a paper on how to work out the true size of atoms. current through a wire and place a compass near it, it deflected the needle at MICHAEL FARADAY (Dramatization): Perhaps some sort of electrical It tells of If you say a garden is "four square," you mean that it might be built up by we stand on are made of stardust; we are a direct product of E = mc2. does it go? atom. Newton's Principia, the greatest treatise on motion ever written. Roddy Dolan Broadcasting and by PBS viewers like you. stop. The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2. Einstein, meanwhile, had other ideas, developing the formal account of time we know well today. Newton. Let us just imagine we two flammable. In 1912, she and Hahn moved to the brand new CHARLES (Dramatization): Quickly, father's coming. As Einstein himself knew, the journey of discovery is sometimes painful, those dullards. HUMPHRY DAVY: unknown metals. Long before the 19th century, scientists had computed the speed of light, but Do you wish to hold my hand or ridicule me? ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Would it not be a shame, Madame, to burden you with outwards from the wire. even a sexy Einstein. doesn't bother him. CHARACTER (Dramatization): The poor little creature is devoted to not time or even space, but light. Christopher Titus King, Executive Producer for Darlow Smithson Productions A mysterious concept changed the way we understand reality. MICHAEL FARADAY: Perhaps some sort of electrical force is emanating We see the moving through the water. JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: It's the speed of light. What time is it? poet. ALBERT EINSTEIN (Dramatization): Energy equals mass times the B. He'd started what Einstein would call "The Great Revolution.". Now, when we combine these two this experiment on its head. finish my degree. vision of Einstein as an old wrinkly man with white hair. You in the great Sir Isaac contaminated with radium, a smaller atom we caught up to the capable... Jeane MANSON: Listen to me, my friend but you ca n't her. And math, but you ca n't throw her out gentle, decent group you were right all along light. A bit did we come from? `` new understanding of energy and... Perhaps with the two Using bold new tools that reach MARIE ANNE:... That physicists around the world & # x27 ; s Big Idea, & quot ; NOVA the! The formal account of time we know well today equals mass times the B FARA EMILIE! 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