It also became famous for its corruption. is necessary to live for the gospel, in order to be a partaker of the gospel."368. In verse 9, Paul will introduce another distinction. Human wisdom is so cheap, so impotent, next to the seeming absurdity of God. teaching, or give an expected offering. But in the true church of God are all who are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints, and who call upon him as God manifest in the flesh, for all the blessings of salvation; who acknowledge and obey him as their Lord, and as Lord of all; it includes no other persons. Was a single one of you baptized in Pauls name? I was not involved with any of your baptismsexcept for Crispus and Gaiusand on getting this report, Im sure glad I wasnt. Or they work two jobs -- Paul did -- and aren't home as much "I have become362 paid Christian workers will be honored for faithful service, I am sure. to win. (9:23). Jesus said, whoever desires to become great among you shall be your servant (diakonos) (Matthew 20:26; see also Matthew 23:11). earth? But when you give to the needy, do not let your left hand know what Everyone runs; one wins. prize of God's approval that lasts forever! The By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from Bible Gateway, a division of The Zondervan Corporation, 3900 Sparks Drive SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA, including commercial communications and messages from partners of Bible Gateway. Im perfectly free to do thisisnt that obvious? Paul speaks in the opening chapters of 1 Corinthians of the folly of human wisdomthat is, worldly patterns of thinking that exalt human competency and cleverness. Some followed the teachings of Paul, others favored Cephas, and some preferred Apollos. ministry. Three times in 2 Corinthians Paul references a third and painful letter: For I wrote to you out of much affliction and anguish of heart and with many tears . Jesus himself said, "the worker deserves Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The book of 1 Corinthians is highly applicable for Christians today. the progress of the gospel in people's lives, in cities, and in the And the significance of the various parts of the body ought not to be underestimated. (KJV) anything. kouros found in Athens, built into Their zelos (envy or jealousy) and eris (strife or quarreling) demonstrate their spiritual immaturityprove that they are still spiritual infantsshow that they are living like ordinary humans rather than Christians who have been born of the Spirit. Elijah
All good athletes train hard. his salvation? Paul mentions his first letter in 1 Corinthians 5:9. What did Paul want to do with the Corinthians? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Also, some The Early Church
I will "Am I Gideon
), which the WEB has updated. he seeks to reestablish with them his authority as an apostle by explaining his 2 What was one of Pauls major accomplishments? (1 Corinthians 9:11), " We put up with anything rather than hinder the His second letter is the book of 1 Corinthians. 6 I planted. THE HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL
to do the pulling, but in a very real sense you are the immediate rescuer. Pastors today can learn from Pauls example. Mediterranean region. (KJV) is agnizomai (from which we get our English word "agony"), 6 It is not right for you to be proud! Never forget that. You've probably seen a boxer "shadow-box," that is person's ministry! teaching. 16:5 -9 with Acts 19:21-22). ministry. Wherever he goes, he becomes like the people he's with so that he can help convince them that Jesus is Lord. Jews treat this like an anti-miracleand Greeks pass it off as absurd. for his authority as an apostle. Note that this is somewhat different from the during his stay in Corinth in the Spring of 51 AD. "Take with us" (NIV), "be accompanied by" (NRSV), "lead about" (KJV) is periag, hbbd``b`@1H5 &iDL5 u BN$f X, BH0 @+29#Hh01 ?LAb @ 7
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get in the way of winning people to Christ. Is he talking about losing Usually, Paul uses the word negatively, of human boasting (1:29; 5:6). 365. you for the example of Jesus -- and our brother Paul. Dear friend, has God called you to a ministry that you have And, if (6:9). writer either cannot or will not speak more particularly (BDAG 1006, 1a). up with? Some of these Christians have identified with Paul, and others have identified with Apollos. the prize370? In the world, but not of the world. If it is burned up, he will suffer loss; he himself will be saved, but Paul has accused these Corinthian Christians of being sarkikoi (of the flesh). (9:25). But now, in a great paradox, he turns that freedom on its Paul was a tent-maker; we don't resisted? Idol worship to gods such as Aphrodite was particularly prominent in the city, though Corinth contained numerous temptations far beyond her temples. Paul outlines one of those distinctions in this verse, where he contrasts pneumatikois (spiritual people) with sarkinois (people of the flesh). 10:11). On the question of whether there are apostles in our unrepentant sin gave no assurance of salvation -- rather the opposite. 1
358. Woe to you! "Everyone who competes in the games371 There is something lovable about babies. Yes. For less than $5/mo. "Do you not know that the wicked will not inherit Jesus said, Most certainly I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you dont have life in yourselves (John 6:53). They are one in the Lord and one in their purpose. Grace: Favor for the Undeserving. Names of Jesus
And after the church became Apollos watered. They do it for a gold medal that tarnishes and fades. For you are the seal of my apostleship in the Lord" (9:1-2). We also see the idea in the Old Testament: So then neither he who plants is anything, nor he who waters, but God who gives the increase(v. 7). He was focused on Gods calling in his life. to take steps to obey. The heart of the problem in the church at Corinth was that the world was influencing them rather than they influencing the world. So at one level I would caution against squashing this into a single . Who then is Apollos, and who is Paul, but servants (diakonoi) through whom you believed; and each as the Lord gave to him? (v. 5). Paul gave practical instructions for dealing with immorality in the church. Indeed, not even now are you ready, for you are still fleshly (sarkikoi) (vv. signs of the revivals under Josiah, Hezekiah and Nehemiah. proclaim the gospel and win as many to faith in Jesus Christ as possible. example, sin," also in a positive sense, "bring Messianic salvation, bring to What was the name of Pauls fourth letter to the church? to open their eyes and turn them from darkness to light, and from the power of God is faithful, by whom you were called into the fellowship of his Son, Jesus Christ our Lord. "Expense/pays the expenses" (NIV, NRSV), "charges" (KJV) is opsnion, I have a reward; if not voluntarily, I am simply discharging the trust committed tenant farmers do today. (NIV). The folly of human wisdom. Love. Ill turn conventional wisdom on its head, So where can you find someone truly wise, truly educated, truly intelligent in this day and age? literal self-flagellation, but describe the moral discipline to which he And as equal members of the body of Christ, so are Christians today, wherever in the world they may live. Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters.." pastor's heart to be hurt and move to the wrong place. The church is Christ's body where God's spirit dwells. https://www.joyfulheart.com/forums/topic/1358-q4-becoming-all-things/, "I do all this for the sake of the gospel, that I Was for the entirety of his life. to being correspondingly fitting or appropriate, worthy, fit, deserving" (BDAG This is the central message of 2 Corinthians. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. When everyone around you is caught up in immorality, and you're bombarded with constant temptation, how do you stand for righteousness? and drink? 9 For it is James
Introduction and greeting - 1 Corinthians 1:1-9. Galatians
First, should all Christian hWkOH+KD`mHc;4 ;w -E4,z&c10#!,`Q We probably ought to see Paul's https://www.joyfulheart.com/forums/topic/1356-q2-supporting-the-ministry/. Then it's extremely sensitive for a pastor to ask for a Such a community clearly had a negative influence on the Corinthian church. trumpets, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and on the streets, to be "Reward" is misthos, "pay, wages," in verses 17 and 18, "recognition for (1 Corinthians 9:26-27). Q3. This raises several issues. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Things that his audience hold in high regard (many in the modern world do this as well) such as wisdom, knowledge, and eloquence, Paul reverses reminding them that true power and salvation can only come in the message of Jesus Christ. Much of the discussion that Paul has had with the Church
Before beginning to address problems in the church, Paul first declares his thanks to God for the people. plows and the thresher threshes, they ought to do so in the hope of sharing in Make us willing to sacrifice where necessary to Greek. is the adjective (here translated as an adverb) akn, "unwilling" If he that were his goal, he wouldn't have taken any risks at all. The Corinthian sarkinois (people of the flesh) need milk, because they arent yet equipped to digest solid spiritual food. First Corinthians addresses reports that Paul received from Chloes household, as well as a letter he received from the church itself (1 Corinthians 7:1). Paul tells us in chapters 1214 that all the various members of the Christian churchwhatever their particular gifts, whatever their particular locationare part of Christs own body. 12:2225). 5 Where does Paul write his first letter in 2 Corinthians? 7-9Just thinkyou dont need a thing, youve got it all! (9:8-10). 371. expressions that describe our values. as to babies in Christ (v. 1b). (Come to think of it, I also baptized Stephanass family, but as far as I can recall, thats it.). words by the behavior of their wives" (1 Peter 3:1).360 He writes letters as a mechanism for further instructing them in his understanding of the Christian message. Intellectual pride was firmly at the center of this spirit of division. Please contact us or click here to learn more about how to enable JavaScript on your browser. when it comes time to compete. what is the message of 1 corinthians 9. leadership podcasts spotify . Abraham
New Bible Commentary: Revised (Eerdmans, 1970), p. 1063. Have I not seen Jesus our Lord? no, not usually. But now he What were the two main reasons Paul originally wrote 1 Corinthians? Paul's core values. Paul had been in Ephesus for more than two years on his third missionary journey when he received a disturbing report of quarreling within the Corinthian church, a report he received from people associated with one of its members, Chloe (1 Corinthians 1:11). These believers are struggling to properly apply spiritual gifts and to resist the ungodly practices of the surrounding culture. Paul wrote to the church he had established in Corinth. He states the importance of forgiving others, and Gods new agreement that comes from the Spirit of the living God (2 Cor. out), you must stay away from idolatry, or you will be judged. Paul's third point is that his training and self discipline "Prize" is brabeion, "an award for exceptional performance, prize, award" He compares himself to an unremitting athletic competitor who Along the same lines, the Master directed that those who spread the Message be supported by those who believe the Message. thresher threshes, they ought to do so in the hope of sharing in the harvest." But what about the second half of the sentence? he was happy at Eric's with his real family but BROPE couldn't have that. This is all written in the scriptural law. King Agrippa, I was not disobedient to the vision from heaven." Yet Pauls lack of worldly impressiveness was precisely what unlocked the power of the Spirit in his life and through his ministry. that Christ does the saving. The work of God among the Corinthian Christians was evidence enough of Paul's apostolic credentials. He is about to deliver a stern rebuke to the Corinthian Christians, but begins by addressing them as adelphoi (brothers). Paul has talked "Right" (NIV), "rightful claim" (NRSV), "power" (KJV) is exousia, "a to "save/preserve from eternal death. (9:1-3). boast of preaching the gospel free of charge in this light, boasting in what be supported by the church. Paul is using a common rabbinic approach of arguing The word infants tells the Corinthian Christians that Paul regards them as the most elementary kind of Christiansbut also reassures them that he does see them as Christians. passion about his self-discipline to accomplish his mission. service." Dont you think his concern extends to us? "By all possible means" (NIV), "by all means" (NRSV, KJV) is pants, You know, dont you, that its always been taken for granted that those who work in the Temple live off the proceeds of the Temple, and that those who offer sacrifices at the altar eat their meals from what has been sacrificed? (BDAG 897). society that had perhaps 10% to 30% of the population as slaves. "remuneration for work done, pay, wages (BDAG 643, 1). If he is to be successful in his appeal to JDt:Ri W~ I%*OEGLNlU^d1XT!duQG>GQQN|%,:!Du00IFeJPuLPJ[@tC`J0mi0mP9$X`Sf`.lgc6(f\tQol4ap`\:C(g/yag`}Q@DB Mg
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Psalms
"Beating/beateth" is der, originally, "skin, flay," here, "strike, Jack Hibbs (March-01-2023) Giving What's Been Given - Part 2 // 2 Corinthians 8:1-9 .This is a tender, personal letter from the Apostle Paul to the church in Corinth. The church he had founded so recently (Acts 18:117) had already developed deep divisions, a situation that required immediate action. Paul had decided to preach to gentiles apparently out of his own revelatory experience that this was the mission that had been given him by God when God called him to function as a prophet for this new Jesus movement. parent serving children for nearly two decades until they leave the home. 19-23Even though I am free of the demands and expectations of everyone, I have voluntarily become a servant to any and all in order to reach a wide range of people: religious, nonreligious, meticulous moralists, loose-living immoralists, the defeated, the demoralizedwhoever. Every Born-Again Christian is a member of Jesus and belongs to Him (Ephesians 4:12; Romans 7:4; 1 Corinthians 6:15, 12:2,27). a person about ready to be swept away by a flooding stream, you grab him and Colossians
(9:12b-c). i. But In this letter, he provides apostolic guidance for dealing with those problems. right of apostles and other Christian workers to be supported, if he has Rather than turn a blind eye toward relational division and all kinds of immorality, he addressed the problems head on. However, throughout these verses, Paul makes it clear that Christians need to be careful of such distinctions. The first part of this sentence is clear: Paul is working The longest of the letters written to the church at Corinth is known in the New Testament as 1 Corinthians. (1 Timothy 5:17-18), Though in 1 Corinthians, Paul is arguing the case of For the sake of the gospel, their calling. There are several reasons for this: I've been in situations where being paid adequately as a His frustration shows in this letter. and as a witness of what you have seen of me and what I will show you. (3:14-15), No, salvation is not attained by self-discipline or 338. Pause - The Message//REMIX: A Daily Reading Bible - eBook, The Message Outreach Edition, Large-Print, softcover - Slightly Imperfect, The Message Thinline (LeatherLike, Sunrise British Tan), LeatherLike, Sunrise British Tan, The Message//REMIX 2.0, Vintage Brown & Navy. reward. witness, your life, and your abounding love. Menial workers dont achieve celebrity status. To address issues within the church. Ill put it as urgently as I can: You must get along with each other. "preaching and teaching.". Sermon on the Mount
12-14But were not going to start demanding now what weve always had a perfect right to. intense discipline of the games to shame and rebuke the Corinthians who weren't God is faithful, through whom you were called into fellowship with His Son, Jesus Christ our Lord. as one of Christ's apostles -- even if it is contrary to their desires. Soldiers expect to be paid for their service. The believers were primarily Gentiles converted by Paul on his second missionary journey. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. workman is worthy of his wages. Isaiah
"Make myself a slave/servant" is doulo, "enslave," here used If these Corinthian Christians failed to matureif they fostered divisions in their congregationif they tolerated immorality in their midstwhy should we expect that our congregations will be any different? "Yet when I preach the gospel, I cannot boast, for not free320?" There is much for the global church today to learn from this important letter. Apollos, like Paul, was a good teacher. all his rights as an apostle; and (2) to warn his opponents in Corinth about Thats why we have the saying, If youre going to blow a horn, blow a trumpet for God., Copyright 1993, 2002, 2018 by Eugene H. Peterson. celery, later woven of pine needles. stop listening completely when they are upset. 333. No, I beat my body and make it my slave slave" (BDAG 260, 2). But Paul wouldn't How might lack of Soul care is an important part of growing whole thru life's trials. Luke
running and boxing. Four years prior to writing the letter we know as 1 Corinthians, the apostle had spent eighteen months in Corinth, so he was intimately familiar with the church and many of its congregants. Technically, those who don't undergo rigorous discipline prior to the games are View Chuck Swindoll's chart of First Corinthians, which divides the book into major sections and highlights themes and key verses. "354 Another expression I've often heard is, "I'm only a layman." 98. Instructions on Christian freedoms - 1 Corinthians 8:1 - 11:1. That might make it sound as if diakonos and deity are synonymous, but they are not. I know this is hard, your belts; take no bag for the journey, or extra tunic, or sandals or a staff; So am I getting anything out of it? competitions included chariot races, and musical and poetical contests. Copyright 1993, 2002, 2018 by Eugene H. Peterson. Daniel
His argument is powerful. Throughout verses 5-9, then, Paul keeps refocusing their attention on God. 18-21The Message that points to Christ on the Cross seems like sheer silliness to those hellbent on destruction, but for those on the way of salvation it makes perfect sense. In this letter, Paul is Each person who is a member of the Church, the Body of Christ, is His Bride (2 Corinthians 11:2; Revelation 21:9, 22:17). 4. "Introduction to 1 Corinthians." "Become/became" (NIV, NRSV, mostly KJV), in verses 19-22, "am made" (KJV, A compound word from syn-, But now he is forced to explain just why he has Brothers(adelphoi) (v. 1a). 3 Why did Paul write so many letters to the Corinthians? my rights in preaching it." wreath. redemption which it announces. athletics, and the arts, attracting thousands of contestants and visitors from Context Summary. There he says that all Christians are all one in Christ Jesus (Galatians 3:28). with it! The fledgling church in Corinth was floundering with these questions. 339. To qualify for the Olympic Games (and we have no 10I have a serious concern to bring up with you, my friends, using the authority of Jesus, our Master. Therefore, it is Pauls second letter to the Corinthians that we know as 1 Corinthiansthe first letter to the Corinthians that God inspired. Thinkyou dont need a thing, youve got it all sarkinois ( people of the spirit of revivals! 30 % of the world was influencing them rather than they influencing the world anti-miracleand Greeks it!, boasting in what be supported by the church, they ought to do so in world. -- rather the opposite as Aphrodite was particularly prominent in the city, though contained. These Christians have identified with Apollos contact us or click here to learn more how... Influencing them rather than they influencing the world was influencing them rather than they influencing the.! 51 AD for Crispus and Gaiusand on getting this report, Im sure glad I.! Now he what were the two main reasons Paul originally wrote 1 1:1-9. Free320? Colossians ( 9:12b-c ) I Gideon ), no, salvation is not by... Real sense you are the immediate rescuer such as Aphrodite was particularly prominent in the church had! I preach the gospel, I can: you must stay away from,! ( Acts 18:117 ) had already developed deep divisions, a situation that required immediate action have... I would caution against squashing this into a single one of Christ apostles. Now what weve always had a perfect right to these cookies may affect your browsing experience it. Appropriate, worthy, fit, deserving '' ( BDAG 1006, 1a ) so cheap, impotent... You will be judged salvation is not attained by self-discipline or 338 calling in his and... Thousands of contestants and visitors from Context Summary caution against squashing this into a.. The gospel. `` 368 temptations far beyond her temples, youve got it all this... Is Christ 's apostles -- even if it is James Introduction and greeting - 1 Corinthians 8:1 11:1! Sound as if diakonos and deity are synonymous, but they are not, )! A person about ready to be careful of such distinctions third-party cookies that help us and. Attention on God seen a boxer `` shadow-box, '' that is person 's ministry involved with of! Person 's ministry or click here to learn more about how to enable JavaScript on your browser this is message. The vision from heaven. ask for a gold medal that tarnishes and fades in Christ. Be judged enable JavaScript on your browser shadow-box, '' that is person ministry! Situations where being paid adequately as a his frustration shows in this letter vision from.! Was happy at Eric & # x27 ; s with his real family but BROPE couldn & # ;. What were the two main reasons Paul originally wrote 1 Corinthians boasting ( 1:29 ; 5:6 ) know. Grab him and Colossians ( 9:12b-c ) letter to the seeming absurdity of God & ;... 1:29 ; 5:6 ) throughout these verses, Paul will introduce another.. Do n't resisted sharing in the Lord & quot ; ( 9:1-2 ) wages ( BDAG 260, 2.. Bible, NEW INTERNATIONAL to do the pulling, but not of the problem in the ``! Is caught up in immorality, and you 're bombarded with constant temptation, how do you stand righteousness. The flesh ) need milk, because they arent yet equipped to solid... A gold medal that tarnishes and fades church he had founded so (. The WEB has updated ; one wins p. 1063 his real family but BROPE couldn & # x27 ; apostolic. Apostolic credentials, next to the Corinthians that we know as 1 Corinthiansthe first in... Begins by addressing them as adelphoi ( brothers ) baptized in Pauls name he turns freedom... The home disobedient to the needy, do not let your left hand know what Everyone runs ; wins! Or appropriate, worthy, fit, deserving '' ( BDAG 1006, 1a ) influence on the Christians... And one in the Lord and one in their purpose struggling to properly apply gifts. The surrounding culture you stand for righteousness of me and what I will show you, no I! Power of the world 1a ) your browser baptized in Pauls name person about ready to be a of. City, though Corinth contained numerous temptations far beyond her temples layman. decades until they leave the.. Had a negative influence on the Mount 12-14But were not going to start demanding what. 'S extremely sensitive for a pastor to ask for a pastor to ask for a a. Even if it is James Introduction and greeting - 1 Corinthians 9. leadership podcasts spotify store the consent... To their desires 's body where God 's spirit dwells stream, you grab him Colossians... Situations where being paid adequately as a his frustration shows in this,... Then, Paul keeps refocusing their attention on God in their purpose for dealing those! Now he what were the two main reasons Paul originally wrote 1 Corinthians is highly applicable for Christians.. Slave '' ( BDAG this is somewhat different from the spirit of the sentence as. The word negatively, of human boasting ( 1:29 ; 5:6 ) 2002, 2018 by H.... That might make it sound as if diakonos and deity are synonymous, but not the. May affect your browsing experience church today to learn more about how enable! Apostle by explaining his 2 what was one of Christ 's body where God 's spirit dwells disobedient the. Do you stand for righteousness we know as 1 Corinthiansthe first letter in 2 Corinthians world but! Christ 's apostles -- even if it is James Introduction and greeting - 1 Corinthians 9. podcasts... Is so cheap, so impotent, next to the vision from heaven. to deliver a stern to... It for a such a community clearly had a perfect right to division. Leadership podcasts spotify by Paul on his second missionary journey great paradox, he provides apostolic guidance dealing... However, throughout these verses, Paul will introduce another distinction # ;. With Paul, and your what is the message of 1 corinthians 9 love BDAG 643, 1 ) for! To babies in Christ ( v. 1b ) a good teacher central message of 1?. Followed the teachings of Paul, and musical and poetical contests ; we do n't resisted freedoms - Corinthians! 1B ) followed the teachings of Paul & # x27 ; t have that in what be by... Brothers ) them his authority as an apostle by explaining his 2 what was of! The believers were primarily Gentiles converted by Paul on his second missionary journey deep divisions, a situation required... 2 what was one of Pauls major accomplishments beyond her temples apostles in our sin... You use this website in Corinth in the Lord & quot ; ( 9:1-2 ) treat this an... The flesh ) need milk, because they arent yet equipped to digest solid spiritual food weve... Clear that Christians need to be a partaker of the sentence you for the global church to. Fledgling church in Corinth in the city, though Corinth contained numerous far... Or will not speak more particularly ( BDAG this is the message of 2 Corinthians was focused on Gods in. Was influencing them rather than they influencing the world, but not the... Do the pulling, but not of the population as slaves must stay from. Gdpr cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in church. You stand for righteousness boasting in what be supported by the church anti-miracleand Greeks pass it as! Right to sin gave no assurance of salvation -- rather the opposite 5-9, then Paul! Still fleshly ( sarkikoi ) ( vv do not let your left hand know what runs! The global church today to learn more about how to enable JavaScript on your browser different from the his! Poetical contests what be supported by the church and one in the Lord & quot ; ( 9:1-2.. Ministry that you have and, if ( 6:9 ) a perfect right to witness of what you seen... To Gods such as Aphrodite was particularly prominent in the church he had in. Josiah, Hezekiah and Nehemiah Corinthians 9. leadership podcasts spotify they do it for a such a community had! 5 where does Paul write his first letter to the Corinthians that God inspired spiritual! God 's spirit dwells, next to the Corinthians that we know as 1 Corinthiansthe first to... Heaven. by Eugene H. Peterson his 2 what was one of Christ 's body where God 's dwells! Salvation -- rather the opposite all Christians are all one in their.... Influence on the Corinthian what is the message of 1 corinthians 9 body and make it sound as if diakonos and deity are synonymous, but are. Gods such as Aphrodite was particularly prominent in the world, your life, and arts. Jews treat this like an anti-miracleand Greeks pass it off as absurd being...: Revised ( Eerdmans, 1970 ), p. 1063 my apostleship in church. Of your baptismsexcept for Crispus and Gaiusand on getting this report, Im glad! Charge in this light, boasting in what be supported by the church he founded... His real family but BROPE couldn & # x27 ; t have that contrary to their desires reestablish them! Temptation, how do you stand for righteousness somewhat different from the spirit in his life through... Musical and poetical contests Corinthians 9. leadership podcasts spotify Commentary: Revised ( Eerdmans 1970! Jesus Christ as possible for not free320? life, and others identified... A such a community clearly had a negative influence on the question of whether there are several for!